Ramadan and the Quran (4): Themes of Surah Al-Baqara (Part Two)
When reading Surah Al-Baqara, understanding its overall
structure helps in grasping its meanings and the coherence of its themes. The
Surah consists of an introduction, two main themes, and a
concluding section.
The Introduction: Divine Guidance and the Concept of Stewardship
The introduction presents two interconnected ideas:
- The Quran’s Guidance and People's Response to It: Humanity is divided into three categories based on their reaction to divine revelation: believers, disbelievers, and hypocrites. The characteristics and attitudes of each group are detailed, showing their relationship with the truth.
- The Command to Follow the Divine Path and a Reminder of Its Foundations and Goals: This section highlights the purpose of divine law and presents the first example of stewardship on earth—Adam (peace be upon him)—illustrating the principles of divine selection and responsibility.
First Theme: The Children of Israel and the Justification for Their Removal from Leadership
This theme is structured into an introduction and four sections:
Introduction: Reminder and Reproach (Verses 40-48)
The Children of Israel are reminded of their noble lineage and the blessings Allah bestowed upon them. The covenant they were given is recalled, along with a reprimand for their neglect of it. They are urged to remember these favors and warned of the Day of Judgment as a means of awakening their conscience.
1. The Condition of the Israelites During the Time of Moses (Verses 49-74)
This section recounts the blessings given to the Israelites, both physical (deliverance from Pharaoh) and spiritual (acceptance of their repentance). It also details their transgressions, such as their defiance of divine commands, the violation of the Sabbath, and the famous incident of the cow. The passage concludes with a portrayal of the hardness of their hearts as a consequence of their repeated disobedience.
2. The Attitude of the Jews in Medina Towards Islam (Verses 75-123)
This part describes the hostility of the Jewish tribes in Medina towards the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the Muslim community. Their long history of rejecting prophets and distorting revelation is recounted. Their envy and animosity towards the believers are exposed, yet the passage ends with a gentle invitation to faith, appealing to their emotions and reason.
3. The Legacy of Abraham and Its Disassociation from Their Claims (Verses 124-141)
The role of Abraham (peace be upon him) as a leader and his prayers for a righteous nation are highlighted. His legacy is detached from the Israelites’ claims of exclusive divine favor, emphasizing that true kinship with Abraham is based on faith and obedience rather than lineage alone. The story of the Kaaba’s construction and the humble supplications accompanying it prepare the reader for the next major shift.
4. The Change of the Qibla and the Transfer of Leadership to the Nation of the Final Messenger (Verses 142-162)
This pivotal passage discusses the change in the direction of prayer from Jerusalem to the Kaaba, symbolizing the transition of spiritual leadership to the Muslim ummah. The objections of the Jews are addressed, and the hearts of the believers are strengthened, affirming their role in carrying the divine message forward.
Next: The Qualities that Make the Muslim Ummah Worthy of Leadership
In the next article, we will explore the second major theme of Surah Al-Baqara, which outlines the characteristics that qualify the Muslim nation for divine stewardship on earth.Reference: This series draws insights from Thematic Interpretation of the Surahs of the Quran, compiled by a distinguished group of scholars under the supervision of Dr. Mustafa Muslim.
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