Politics in Islam (32): The Fallacy of Following the Majority

 

Politics in Islam Series

In modern democratic societies, the idea of majority rule is often held as the pinnacle of justice, the ultimate expression of the people's will. However, is the majority always right? Can the collective opinion of the masses, shaped by fleeting emotions and changing trends, be a reliable foundation for truth and justice?

Islam approaches this question with remarkable clarity. The Quran addresses the concept of following the majority, cautioning believers against blindly adhering to popular opinion at the expense of divine guidance. In Surah Al-An'am (6:116), Allah says:

"And if you obey most of those upon the earth, they will mislead you from the way of Allah. They follow not except assumption, and they are not but falsifying."

This verse is a powerful reminder that truth is not determined by numbers. When human beings rely solely on their subjective reasoning or assumptions without the guiding light of divine revelation, they inevitably stray from the path of righteousness. Allah warns us that following the majority can lead to error because such opinions are often based on speculation rather than certainty.


The Fallibility of Majority Rule

It is essential to understand that Islamic governance is not a rejection of consultation (shura) or collective decision-making. However, it emphasizes that human reasoning, divorced from divine revelation, is insufficient to establish absolute truth. The Quranic standard is not popular opinion but divine revelation, the source of true knowledge and certainty.

This idea isn't solely an Islamic perspective. The skepticism toward majority rule has been echoed by some of history’s greatest thinkers. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato regarded democracy — government by the unqualified masses — as a flawed system prone to demagoguery and instability. He argued for the rule of a wise and educated elite, fearing that the ignorant majority would be easily swayed by manipulative leaders. Similarly, the Roman philosopher Cicero believed that the decisions of an uninformed populace could lead to disastrous outcomes.

Both Plato and Cicero observed the potential for chaos when the majority is left unchecked, driven by desires, assumptions, and limited knowledge. Their critiques align with the Quranic warning that most people, when left to their own devices without divine guidance, follow mere conjecture.


Certainty vs. Speculation

Islam differentiates between speculation (ظنّ, dhann) and certainty (يقين, yaqeen). The majority often operate on speculation — assumptions shaped by culture, media, and trends. Divine guidance, on the other hand, offers certainty, an unchanging reference point that does not shift with societal whims. When people ignore this divine reference in favor of the majority's opinion, they trade certainty for conjecture.

Surah Al-Hujurat (49:12) cautions against suspicion and speculation, reinforcing the idea that truth cannot be founded on mere assumptions. The Quran consistently directs believers to prioritize what is certain — the revelation from Allah — over the fluctuating perspectives of society.


The Consequences of Ignoring Divine Guidance

When societies dismiss divine guidance and prioritize majority rule, they risk moral and ethical decay. What was once considered wrong can suddenly become right if the majority decides so. Consider how rapidly laws and societal norms shift today, often influenced by changing public opinion. Yet, in Islam, the framework of right and wrong is anchored in timeless divine principles, not fluctuating popular sentiment.

The Islamic model of governance balances consultation and divine guidance, recognizing the need for communal decision-making while ensuring that such decisions do not contradict Allah's commands. Unlike the modern democratic model, where the majority's opinion can overshadow fundamental truths, the Islamic system emphasizes that ultimate sovereignty belongs to Allah alone.


Conclusion

In a world increasingly shaped by the court of public opinion, the Quran’s perspective on majority rule challenges us to reconsider the foundations upon which we build our societies. Should we trust the wavering inclinations of the masses, or seek the unwavering guidance of the Divine? Islam teaches us that truth is not a matter of popularity but of certainty, grounded in the revelation of Allah.

By anchoring our understanding of right and wrong in divine guidance rather than the shifting sands of popular opinion, we can navigate the complexities of life with confidence and clarity. This is the strength of the Islamic model — a system not bound by the limitations of human conjecture but rooted in the eternal wisdom of the Creator.

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