Politics in Islam (33): Should Muslims Follow Muhammad or Jesus?

 

Politics in Islam Series

One of the most common arguments made by secularists is that religion should remain a private matter, confined to spirituality and personal worship, without any political influence. When Muslims advocate for Islam as a complete system—including governance, law, and social justice—they are often met with criticism: “Why can’t Islam be like Christianity? Why didn’t Jesus establish a state or legislate laws?

What these critics fail to recognize—either out of ignorance or deliberate omission—is that the political dimension of religion is not an innovation of Islam. Rather, it has been a fundamental feature of the prophetic tradition long before Muhammad ﷺ.


The Prophetic Model: Religion and Politics United

The Quran itself highlights the close connection between prophethood, scripture, wisdom, and political authority. Allah says:

"And We gave the family of Abraham the Scripture and wisdom and conferred upon them a great kingdom." (Quran 4:54)

This verse explicitly acknowledges that the legacy of Abrahamic prophets was not limited to spiritual guidance but also included governance and rulership. Historically, the prophets of Bani Israel (the Children of Israel) were not just religious figures but also statesmen and rulers.

  • Moses (Musa) عليه السلام was not only a prophet but also a leader who liberated his people from Pharaoh’s tyranny and established laws to govern them.

  • David (Dawood) عليه السلام was a king and a prophet, ruling over the Israelites with divinely revealed wisdom.

  • Solomon (Sulaiman) عليه السلام inherited both prophethood and kingship, governing a vast empire and implementing divine justice.

The intertwining of religion and politics in the mission of these prophets is undeniable. Their role was to guide their nations not only in faith but also in governance, law, and societal structure.


The Exception: Jesus and the Roman Empire

Critics often cite Jesus (Isa عليه السلام) as a model for the separation of religion from politics. They argue that since Jesus did not establish a state or implement laws, Islam should follow the same model. But this argument is historically flawed.

Jesus lived under the rule of the Roman Empire—a powerful civilization with an established political and legal system. He was not sent to overthrow Rome or establish a new government but to spiritually guide his people within that system. His mission was specific to his time and context, addressing a Jewish population already bound by the Torah’s laws.


The Reality of Muhammad’s Mission

In contrast, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was sent to a society with no centralized state, no established legal framework, and no dominant political power. Pre-Islamic Arabia was a collection of warring tribes governed by customs, not laws. Unlike Jesus, who operated within the Roman Empire, Muhammad ﷺ was tasked with creating a just and moral society from the ground up.

Thus, when Allah chose Muhammad ﷺ to be the final messenger, He willed for Islam to be fully implemented—not just as a personal faith but as a complete system of governance, justice, and law. This was not a break from the Abrahamic tradition but rather its continuation.

The Prophet himself affirmed this when he said:

"I am the supplication of my father Abraham."

This refers to the prayer of Prophet Abraham (Ibrahim) عليه السلام:

"Our Lord, and send among them a messenger from themselves who will recite to them Your verses and teach them the Book and wisdom and purify them." (Quran 2:129)


The Secular Double Standard

Why, then, do secularists demand that Muslims adopt the model of Jesus while ignoring the political leadership of Moses, David, and Solomon? Why is it acceptable for the Children of Israel to have had prophetic rulers, but when Muslims advocate for divine law, they are accused of extremism?

The reality is that the rejection of Islam’s political system is not based on historical accuracy but on ideological bias. Western secularism, shaped by centuries of conflict between church and state, seeks to impose its model on the Muslim world. Yet, the Islamic model of governance, rooted in divine justice, has proven throughout history to be more just, stable, and ethical than many secular governments.


Conclusion

Islam was never meant to be just a set of private rituals disconnected from governance and law. It is the final, complete system of guidance for humanity, just as Allah intended. While the context of Jesus’ mission did not require political leadership, the mission of Muhammad ﷺ did—just as it did for many prophets before him.

The question is not whether Muslims should follow Muhammad ﷺ or Jesus عليه السلام in governance. The real question is: why should Muslims be forced to abandon their political heritage while the legacy of prophetic leadership remains evident throughout history? Islam is not an exception to the rule—it is the rule.

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